# Changeset 3473 for Papers/sttt/proof.tex

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Sep 22, 2014, 11:25:51 AM (5 years ago)
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inlined section into main document, title change

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 r3470 \section{The proof} In this section, we present the correctness proof for the algorithm in more detail. The main correctness statement is shown, slightly simplified, in~Figure~\ref{statement}. % \begin{figure}[t] \small \begin{alignat*}{6} \mathtt{sigma}&\omit\rlap{$\mathtt{\_policy\_specification} \equiv \lambda program.\lambda sigma.$} \notag\\ & \omit\rlap{$sigma\ 0 = 0\ \wedge$} \notag\\ & \mathbf{let}\ & & \omit\rlap{$instr\_list \equiv code\ program\ \mathbf{in}$} \notag\\ &&& \omit\rlap{$\forall ppc.ppc < |instr\_list| \rightarrow$} \notag\\ &&& \mathbf{let}\ && pc \equiv sigma\ ppc\ \mathbf{in} \notag\\ &&& \mathbf{let}\ && instruction \equiv \mathtt{fetch\_pseudo\_instruction}\ instr\_list\ ppc\ \mathbf{in} \notag\\ &&& \mathbf{let}\ && next\_pc \equiv sigma\ (ppc+1)\ \mathbf{in}\notag\\ &&&&& next\_pc = pc + \mathtt{instruction\_size}\ sigma\ ppc\ instruction\ \wedge\notag\\ &&&&& (pc + \mathtt{instruction\_size}\ sigma\ ppc\ instruction < 2^{16}\ \vee\notag\\ &&&&& (\forall ppc'.ppc' < |instr\_list| \rightarrow ppc < ppc' \rightarrow \notag\\ &&&&& \mathbf{let}\ instruction' \equiv \mathtt{fetch\_pseudo\_instruction}\ instr\_list\ ppc'\ \mathbf{in} \notag\\ &&&&&\ \mathtt{instruction\_size}\ sigma\ ppc'\ instruction' = 0)\ \wedge \notag\\ &&&&& pc + \mathtt{instruction\_size}\ sigma\ ppc\ instruction = 2^{16}) \end{alignat*} \caption{Main correctness statement\label{statement}} \label{sigmapolspec} \end{figure} % Informally, this means that when fetching a pseudo-instruction at $ppc$, the translation by $\sigma$ of $ppc+1$ is the same as $\sigma(ppc)$ plus the size of the instruction at $ppc$.  That is, an instruction is placed consecutively after the previous one, and there are no overlaps. The rest of the statement deals with memory size: either the next instruction fits within memory ($next\_pc < 2^{16}$) or it ends exactly at the limit memory, in which case it must be the last translated instruction in the program (enforced by specfiying that the size of all subsequent instructions is 0: there may be comments or cost annotations that are not translated). Finally, we enforce that the program starts at address 0, i.e. $\sigma(0) = 0$. It may seem strange that we do not explicitly include a safety property stating that every jump instruction is of the right type with respect to its target (akin to the lemma from Figure~\ref{sigmasafe}), but this is not necessary. The distance is recalculated according to the instruction addresses from $\sigma$, which implicitly expresses safety. Since our computation is a least fixed point computation, we must prove termination in order to prove correctness: if the algorithm is halted after a number of steps without reaching a fixed point, the solution is not guaranteed to be correct. More specifically, branch instructions might be encoded which do not coincide with the span between their location and their destination. Proof of termination rests on the fact that the encoding of branch instructions can only grow larger, which means that we must reach a fixed point after at most $2n$ iterations, with $n$ the number of branch instructions in the program. This worst case is reached if at every iteration, we change the encoding of exactly one branch instruction; since the encoding of any branch instruction can change first from short to absolute, and then to long, there can be at most $2n$ changes. %The proof has been carried out using the Russell'' style from~\cite{Sozeau2006}. %We have proven some invariants of the {\sc f} function from the previous %section; these invariants are then used to prove properties that hold for every %iteration of the fixed point computation; and finally, we can prove some %properties of the fixed point. \subsection{Fold invariants} In this section, we present the invariants that hold during the fold of {\sc f} over the program. These will be used later on to prove the properties of the iteration. During the fixed point computation, the $\sigma$ function is implemented as a trie for ease of access; computing $\sigma(x)$ is achieved by looking up the value of $x$ in the trie. Actually, during the fold, the value we pass along is a pair $\mathbb{N} \times \mathtt{ppc\_pc\_map}$. The first component is the number of bytes added to the program so far with respect to the previous iteration, and the second component, {\tt ppc\_pc\_map}, is the actual $\sigma$ trie (which we'll call $strie$ to avoid confusion). % {\small \begin{alignat*}{2} \mathtt{out} & \mathtt{\_of\_program\_none} \equiv \lambda prefix.\lambda strie. \notag\\ & \forall i.i < 2^{16} \rightarrow (i > |prefix| \leftrightarrow \mathtt{lookup\_opt}\ i\ (\mathtt{snd}\ strie) = \mathtt{None}) \end{alignat*}} % The first invariant states that any pseudo-address not yet examined is not present in the lookup trie. % {\small \begin{alignat*}{2} \mathtt{not} & \mathtt{\_jump\_default} \equiv \lambda prefix.\lambda strie.\forall i.i < |prefix| \rightarrow\notag\\ & \neg\mathtt{is\_jump}\ (\mathtt{nth}\ i\ prefix) \rightarrow \mathtt{lookup}\ i\ (\mathtt{snd}\ strie) = \mathtt{short\_jump} \end{alignat*}} % This invariant states that when we try to look up the jump length of a pseudo-address where there is no branch instruction, we will get the default value, a short jump. % {\small \begin{alignat*}{4} \mathtt{jump} & \mathtt{\_increase} \equiv \lambda pc.\lambda op.\lambda p.\forall i.i < |prefix| \rightarrow \notag\\ &       \mathbf{let}\  oj \equiv \mathtt{lookup}\ i\ (\mathtt{snd}\ op)\ \mathbf{in} \notag\\ &       \mathbf{let}\ j \equiv \mathtt{lookup}\ i\ (\mathtt{snd}\ p)\ \mathbf{in}\ \mathtt{jmpleq}\ oj\ j \end{alignat*}} % This invariant states that between iterations (with $op$ being the previous iteration, and $p$ the current one), jump lengths either remain equal or increase. It is needed for proving termination. % \begin{figure}[h] \small \begin{alignat*}{6} \mathtt{sigma} & \omit\rlap{$\mathtt{\_compact\_unsafe} \equiv \lambda prefix.\lambda strie.\forall n.n < |prefix| \rightarrow$}\notag\\ & \mathbf{match}\ && \omit\rlap{$\mathtt{lookup\_opt}\ n\ (\mathtt{snd}\ strie)\ \mathbf{with}$}\notag\\ &&& \omit\rlap{$\mathtt{None} \Rightarrow \mathrm{False}$} \notag\\ &&& \omit\rlap{$\mathtt{Some}\ \langle pc, j \rangle \Rightarrow$} \notag\\ &&& \mathbf{match}\ && \mathtt{lookup\_opt}\ (n+1)\ (\mathtt{snd}\ strie)\ \mathbf{with}\notag\\ &&&&& \mathtt{None} \Rightarrow \mathrm{False} \notag\\ &&&&& \mathtt{Some}\ \langle pc_1, j_1 \rangle \Rightarrow pc_1 = pc + \notag\\ &&&&& \ \ \mathtt{instruction\_size\_jmplen}\ j\ (\mathtt{nth}\ n\ prefix) \end{alignat*} \caption{Temporary safety property} \label{sigmacompactunsafe} \end{figure} % We now proceed with the safety lemmas. The lemma in Figure~\ref{sigmacompactunsafe} is a temporary formulation of the main property {\tt sigma\_policy\_specification}. Its main difference from the final version is that it uses {\tt instruction\_size\_jmplen} to compute the instruction size. This function uses $j$ to compute the span of branch instructions  (i.e. it uses the $\sigma$ under construction), instead of looking at the distance between source and destination. This is because $\sigma$ is still under construction; we will prove below that after the final iteration, {\tt sigma\_compact\_unsafe} is equivalent to the main property in Figure~\ref{sigmasafe} which holds at the end of the computation. % \begin{figure}[h] \small \begin{alignat*}{6} \mathtt{sigma} & \omit\rlap{$\mathtt{\_safe} \equiv \lambda prefix.\lambda labels.\lambda old\_strie.\lambda strie.\forall i.i < |prefix| \rightarrow$} \notag\\ & \omit\rlap{$\forall dest\_label.\mathtt{is\_jump\_to\ (\mathtt{nth}\ i\ prefix})\ dest\_label \rightarrow$} \notag\\ & \mathbf{let} && \omit\rlap{$\ paddr \equiv \mathtt{lookup}\ labels\ dest\_label\ \mathbf{in}$} \notag\\ & \mathbf{let} && \omit\rlap{$\ \langle j, src, dest \rangle \equiv \mathbf{if} \ paddr\ \leq\ i\ \mathbf{then}$}\notag\\ &&&&& \mathbf{let}\ \langle \_, j \rangle \equiv \mathtt{lookup}\ i\ (\mathtt{snd}\ strie)\ \mathbf{in} \notag\\ &&&&& \mathbf{let}\ \langle pc\_plus\_jl, \_ \rangle \equiv \mathtt{lookup}\ (i+1)\ (\mathtt{snd}\ strie)\ \mathbf{in}\notag\\ &&&&& \mathbf{let}\ \langle addr, \_ \rangle \equiv \mathtt{lookup}\ paddr\ (\mathtt{snd}\ strie)\ \mathbf{in}\notag\\ &&&&&   \langle j, pc\_plus\_jl, addr \rangle\notag\\ &&&\mathbf{else} \notag\\ &&&&&\mathbf{let}\ \langle \_, j \rangle \equiv \mathtt{lookup}\ i\ (\mathtt{snd}\ strie)\ \mathbf{in} \notag\\ &&&&&\mathbf{let}\ \langle pc\_plus\_jl, \_ \rangle \equiv \mathtt{lookup}\ (i+1)\ (\mathtt{snd}\ old\_strie)\ \mathbf{in}\notag\\ &&&&&\mathbf{let}\ \langle addr, \_ \rangle \equiv \mathtt{lookup}\ paddr\ (\mathtt{snd}\ old\_strie)\ \mathbf{in}\notag\\ &&&&&\langle j, pc\_plus\_jl, addr \rangle \mathbf{in}\ \notag\\ &&&\mathbf{match} && \ j\ \mathbf{with} \notag\\ &&&&&\mathrm{short\_jump} \Rightarrow \mathtt{short\_jump\_valid}\ src\ dest\notag\\ &&&&&\mathrm{absolute\_jump} \Rightarrow \mathtt{absolute\_jump\_valid}\ src\ dest\notag\\ &&&&&\mathrm{long\_jump} \Rightarrow \mathrm{True} \end{alignat*} \caption{Safety property} \label{sigmasafe} \end{figure} % We compute the distance using the memory address of the instruction plus its size. This follows the behaviour of the MCS-51 microprocessor, which increases the program counter directly after fetching, and only then executes the branch instruction (by changing the program counter again). There are also some simple, properties to make sure that our policy remains consistent, and to keep track of whether the fixed point has been reached. We do not include them here in detail. Two of these properties give the values of $\sigma$ for the start and end of the program; $\sigma(0) = 0$ and $\sigma(n)$, where $n$ is the number of instructions up until now, is equal to the maximum memory address so far. There are also two properties that deal with what happens when the previous iteration does not change with respect to the current one. $added$ is a variable that keeps track of the number of bytes we have added to the program size by changing the encoding of branch instructions. If $added$ is 0, the program has not changed and vice versa. %{\small %\begin{align*} %& \mathtt{lookup}\ 0\ (\mathtt{snd}\ strie) = 0 \notag\\ %& \mathtt{lookup}\ |prefix|\ (\mathtt{snd}\ strie) = \mathtt{fst}\ strie %\end{align*}} %{\small %\begin{align*} %& added = 0\ \rightarrow\ \mathtt{policy\_pc\_equal}\ prefix\ old\_strie\ strie \notag\\ %& \mathtt{policy\_jump\_equal}\ prefix\ old\_strie\ strie\ \rightarrow\ added = 0 %\end{align*}} We need to use two different formulations, because the fact that $added$ is 0 does not guarantee that no branch instructions have changed.  For instance, it is possible that we have replaced a short jump with an absolute jump, which does not change the size of the branch instruction. Therefore {\tt policy\_pc\_equal} states that $old\_sigma_1(x) = sigma_1(x)$, whereas {\tt policy\_jump\_equal} states that $old\_sigma_2(x) = sigma_2(x)$. This formulation is sufficient to prove termination and compactness. Proving these invariants is simple, usually by induction on the prefix length. \subsection{Iteration invariants} These are invariants that hold after the completion of an iteration. The main difference between these invariants and the fold invariants is that after the completion of the fold, we check whether the program size does not supersede 64 Kb, the maximum memory size the MCS-51 can address. The type of an iteration therefore becomes an option type: {\tt None} in case the program becomes larger than 64 Kb, or $\mathtt{Some}\ \sigma$ otherwise. We also no longer pass along the number of bytes added to the program size, but a boolean that indicates whether we have changed something during the iteration or not. If the iteration returns {\tt None}, which means that it has become too large for memory, there is an invariant that states that the previous iteration cannot have every branch instruction encoded as a long jump. This is needed later in the proof of termination. If the iteration returns $\mathtt{Some}\ \sigma$, the fold invariants are retained without change. Instead of using {\tt sigma\_compact\_unsafe}, we can now use the proper invariant: % {\small \begin{alignat*}{6} \mathtt{sigma} & \omit\rlap{$\mathtt{\_compact} \equiv \lambda program.\lambda sigma.$} \notag\\ & \omit\rlap{$\forall n.n < |program|\ \rightarrow$} \notag\\ & \mathbf{match}\ && \omit\rlap{$\mathtt{lookup\_opt}\ n\ (\mathtt{snd}\ sigma)\ \mathbf{with}$}\notag\\ &&& \omit\rlap{$\mathrm{None}\ \Rightarrow\ \mathrm{False}$}\notag\\ &&& \omit\rlap{$\mathrm{Some}\ \langle pc, j \rangle \Rightarrow$}\notag\\ &&& \mathbf{match}\ && \mathtt{lookup\_opt}\ (n+1)\ (\mathtt{snd}\ sigma)\ \mathbf{with}\notag\\ &&&&&   \mathrm{None}\ \Rightarrow\ \mathrm{False}\notag\\ &&&&& \mathrm{Some} \langle pc1, j1 \rangle \Rightarrow\notag\\ &&&&& \ \ pc1 = pc + \mathtt{instruction\_size}\ n\ (\mathtt{nth}\ n\ program) \end{alignat*}} % This is almost the same invariant as ${\tt sigma\_compact\_unsafe}$, but differs in that it computes the sizes of branch instructions by looking at the distance between position and destination using $\sigma$. In actual use, the invariant is qualified: $\sigma$ is compact if there have been no changes (i.e. the boolean passed along is {\tt true}). This is to reflect the fact that we are doing a least fixed point computation: the result is only correct when we have reached the fixed point. There is another, trivial, invariant in case the iteration returns $\mathtt{Some}\ \sigma$: it must hold that $\mathtt{fst}\ sigma < 2^{16}$. We need this invariant to make sure that addresses do not overflow. The proof of {\tt nec\_plus\_ultra} goes as follows: if we return {\tt None}, then the program size must be greater than 64 Kb. However, since the previous iteration did not return {\tt None} (because otherwise we would terminate immediately), the program size in the previous iteration must have been smaller than 64 Kb. Suppose that all the branch instructions in the previous iteration are encoded as long jumps. This means that all branch instructions in this iteration are long jumps as well, and therefore that both iterations are equal in the encoding of their branch instructions. Per the invariant, this means that $added = 0$, and therefore that all addresses in both iterations are equal. But if all addresses are equal, the program sizes must be equal too, which means that the program size in the current iteration must be smaller than 64 Kb. This contradicts the earlier hypothesis, hence not all branch instructions in the previous iteration are encoded as long jumps. The proof of {\tt sigma\_compact} follows from {\tt sigma\_compact\_unsafe} and the fact that we have reached a fixed point, i.e. the previous iteration and the current iteration are the same. This means that the results of {\tt instruction\_size\_jmplen} and {\tt instruction\_size} are the same. \subsection{Final properties} These are the invariants that hold after $2n$ iterations, where $n$ is the program size (we use the program size for convenience; we could also use the number of branch instructions, but this is more complex). Here, we only need {\tt out\_of\_program\_none}, {\tt sigma\_compact} and the fact that $\sigma(0) = 0$. Termination can now be proved using the fact that there is a $k \leq 2n$, with $n$ the length of the program, such that iteration $k$ is equal to iteration $k+1$. There are two possibilities: either there is a $k < 2n$ such that this property holds, or every iteration up to $2n$ is different. In the latter case, since the only changes between the iterations can be from shorter jumps to longer jumps, in iteration $2n$ every branch instruction must be encoded as a long jump. In this case, iteration $2n$ is equal to iteration $2n+1$ and the fixed point is reached.